1. What is Sjögren syndrome?

Sjögren syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system particularly affects glands that produce tears and saliva. It can also affect the joints, lungs, nerves, kidneys, skin, and other organs.

2. What are the common symptoms of Sjögren syndrome?

The most characteristic symptoms are dry eyes and dry mouth. Patients may also experience fatigue, joint pain, dental problems, recurrent mouth infections, swollen salivary glands, or symptoms involving other organs.

3. Why does Sjögren syndrome cause dry eyes?

Inflammation can affect the tear-producing glands, reducing tear production. This may cause burning, irritation, grittiness, redness, or sensitivity to light and can damage the eye surface if significant dryness remains untreated.

4. Why does Sjögren syndrome cause dry mouth?

Inflammation of the salivary glands can reduce saliva production, causing persistent mouth dryness and difficulty eating or swallowing dry foods. Reduced saliva also increases the risk of dental cavities and oral infections.

5. Can Sjögren syndrome affect organs other than the eyes and mouth?

Yes. Sjögren syndrome can sometimes involve the joints, lungs, nerves, kidneys, skin, and blood vessels. The extent of systemic involvement varies considerably between individuals.

6. How is Sjögren syndrome diagnosed?

Diagnosis is based on symptoms and may include blood tests, eye tests, measurement of saliva production, salivary-gland imaging, or lip biopsy. No single investigation should generally be interpreted in isolation.

7. Which antibodies are associated with Sjögren syndrome?

Anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies are commonly associated with Sjögren syndrome, although not every patient has these antibodies. ANA and rheumatoid factor may also be positive in some individuals.

8. Is Sjögren syndrome curable?

There is currently no definitive cure, but dryness and systemic manifestations can often be effectively managed. Treatment and follow-up are individualized according to symptoms and the presence of organ involvement.

9. How is Sjögren syndrome treated?

Treatment may include artificial tears, measures to improve mouth dryness, meticulous dental care, and medications for systemic disease. Immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatment may be required when internal organs are involved.

10. Does Sjögren syndrome increase the risk of lymphoma?

Yes. People with Sjögren syndrome have an increased risk of certain lymphomas, although the absolute risk for an individual remains relatively low. Persistent salivary-gland enlargement or other concerning symptoms should be appropriately evaluated.