1. What is psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and why does it occur?

Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease associated with psoriasis. It occurs when abnormal immune activity causes inflammation in the joints and surrounding tissues. It can affect joints, tendons, ligaments, and the spine.

2. What are the common symptoms of psoriatic arthritis?

Common symptoms include joint pain, swelling, morning stiffness, heel pain, and inflammatory back pain. Some people develop swelling of an entire finger or toe. Symptoms may vary considerably from one person to another.

3. Can psoriatic arthritis occur without skin psoriasis?

Yes. In some people, joint symptoms can develop before obvious psoriasis appears on the skin. Psoriasis may also be subtle or hidden in areas such as the scalp, behind the ears, or around the umbilicus.

4. What is dactylitis, and why is it important in PsA?

Dactylitis is swelling of an entire finger or toe, producing a characteristic “sausage-like” appearance. It results from inflammation involving multiple structures of the digit. It is an important clinical feature of psoriatic arthritis.

5. Can psoriatic arthritis affect the nails?

Yes. PsA may cause nail pitting, discoloration, thickening, or separation of the nail from its bed. Nail psoriasis is common in people with PsA. These changes can provide an important clue to the diagnosis.

6. Can psoriatic arthritis affect the spine?

Yes. PsA can cause inflammation of the sacroiliac joints and spine, resulting in persistent back pain and stiffness. Inflammatory back pain is often worse after rest and may improve with movement or exercise.

7. How is psoriatic arthritis diagnosed?

There is no single blood test that confirms PsA. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, examination, psoriasis and nail changes, and appropriate investigations. X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI may help identify inflammation and joint damage.

8. Can psoriatic arthritis permanently damage the joints?

Yes. Persistent uncontrolled inflammation can cause irreversible joint damage, deformity, and loss of function. Early diagnosis and effective treatment can control inflammation and substantially reduce the risk of progressive joint damage.

9. Is psoriatic arthritis curable, and how is it treated?

There is currently no definitive cure, but effective treatment can control the disease and prevent joint damage. Treatment may include NSAIDs, conventional DMARDs, biologic medicines, or targeted therapies, depending on disease severity and pattern.

10. Can psoriatic arthritis affect other parts of the body?

Yes. PsA may be associated with eye inflammation (uveitis), inflammatory bowel disease, and other health conditions. Obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease are also more common, making comprehensive medical care important.